Several Buddhist terms and concepts lack direct translations into English that cover the breadth of the original term. Below are given a number of important Buddhist terms, short definitions, and the languages in which they appear. In this list, an attempt has been made to organize terms by their original form and give translations and synonyms in other languages along with the definition.
Amitabha Lit. “The Buddha of Infinite Light”. The main buddha of the Pure Land school, but is popular in other Mahayana sects as well. The image is of light as the form of wisdom, which has no form. Also interpreted as the Tathagata of Unhindered Light that Penetrates the Ten Quarters by Tan Luan, Shinran and others
Sanskrit: amitābha (lit. “limitless light”) and amitāyus (lit. “limitless life”)
atman literally “self”, sometimes “soul” or “ego”. In Buddhism, the predominant teaching is the negating doctrine of anatman, that there is no permanent, persisting atman, and that belief in atman is the prime consequence of ignorance, the foundation of samsara
buddha nature The uncreated and deathless Buddhic element or principle concealed within all sentient beings to achieve Awakening; the innate (latent) Buddha essence (esp. in the Tathagatagarbha sutras, Tendai/Tiantai, Nichiren thought)
Sanskrit: buddha-dhatu, buddha-svabhāva, “tathagata-dhatu”, or tathagatagarbha.
Cetiya A reliquary holding holy objects of veneration
Pali:
Sanskrit:
| style=“width:200px” |
Bur:
zedi (
)
Khm:
Mon:
setaow (
)
Shan:
tseti (
)
Sin: චෛත්යයය chedi
Thai: เจดีย์ chedi
Tib:
mchod rten (chorten)
塔
Zh: Ta
Vi: Tháp
Ko: Tap
Jp: 卒塔婆 sotōba
|}
==D==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
dakini A supernatural female with volatile temperament who serves as a muse for spiritual practice. Dakinis are often depicted naked to represent the truth
Sanskrit:
| style=“width:200px” |
Mn: дагина, dagina
空行女, 荼枳尼天
Cn: kong xing mu
Jp: Dakini-ten
Ko: 다키니 dakini or 공행녀 gonghaengnyeo
Vi: không hành nữ
|- valign=“top”
Dalai Lama, lit. “the lama with wisdom like an ocean”, secular and spiritual leader of Tibet as nominated by the Mongols
Mn: далай, dalai, lit. “ocean”
Tibetan:
taa-la'i bla-ma
|
達賴喇嘛
Cn: Dálài Lǎma
Jp: Darai Rama
Ko: 달라이 라마 dalai nama
Vi: Đạt Lai Lạt Ma or Đạt-lại Lạt-ma
|- valign=“top”
dana Generosity or giving; in Buddhism, it also refers to the practice of cultivating generosity
Pāli, Sanskrit: dāna
|
Bur:
dana (
)
Mon:
(
) or
(
)
Thai: ทาน taan
布施
Cn: bùshī
Jp: fuse
Ko: 보시 bosi
Vi: bố thí
Mn: өглөг
|- valign=top
deva many different types of non-human beings who share the characteristics of being more powerful, longer-lived, and, in general, living more contentedly than the average human being
dhamma/dharma Often refers to the doctrines and teachings of the faith, but it may have broader uses. Also, it is an important technical term meaning something like “phenomenological constituent.” This leads to the potential for confusion, puns, and double entendres, as the latter meaning often has negative connotations
from
: to hold
Pāli: dhamma
Sanskrit: dharma
|
Bur:
dhamma (
)
Mon:
(
)
Thai: ธรรมะ tam-ma
Mn: дээдийн ном, deediin nom
法
Cn: fă
Jp: hō
Ko: beop
Vi: pháp
|- valign=“top”
dhammavinaya The dharma and vinaya (roughly “doctrine and discipline”) considered together. This term essentially means the whole teachings of Buddhism as taught to monks
doan In Zen, a term for person sounding the bell that marks the beginning and end of Zazen
Japanese: 堂行 dōan
|
dokusan A private meeting between a Zen student and the master. It is an important element in Rinzai Zen training, as it provides an opportunity for the student to demonstrate understanding
Japanese: 独参 dokusan
|
獨參
Cn: dúcān
Ko: dokcham
Vi: độc tham
|- valign=“top”
dudie official certificate for monks and nuns issued by government
dzogchen The natural, intrinsic state of every sentient being
Tibetan:
rdzogs pa chen po
|
Sanskrit: atiyoga
大究竟
Cn: dàjiūjìng
Jp: daikukyō
Ko: daegugyeong
Vi: đại cứu cánh
|}
==F==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
Five Five-Hundred-Year Periods Five sub-divisions of the three periods following the Buddha's passing (三時繫念 Cn: sānshí; Jp: sanji; Vi: tam thời), significant for many Mahayana adherents:
Age of enlightenment (解脱堅固 Cn: jiětuō jiāngù; Jp: gedatsu kengo)
Age of meditation (禅定堅固 Cn: chándìng jiāngù; Jp: zenjō kengo)<br />These two ages comprise the Former Day of the Law (正法時期 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō)
Age of reading, reciting, and listening (読誦多聞堅固 Cn: sòngduōwén jiāngù; Jp: dokuju tamon kengo)
Age of building temples and stupas (多造塔寺堅固 Cn: duōzào tǎsì jiāngù; Jp: tazō tōji kengo)<br />These two ages comprise the Middle Day of the Law (像法時期 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō)
Age of conflict (闘諍堅固 Cn: zhēng jiāngù; Jp: tōjō kengo), an age characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other natural and human-made disasters.<br />This age corresponds to the beginning of the Latter Day of the Law (末法時期 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō) when the (historical) Buddha's teachings would lose all power of salvation and perish (白法隠没 Cn: báifǎméi; Jp: byakuhō onmotsu) and a new Buddha would appear to save the people.
The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集 Cn: dàjí; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō).
fukudo In Zen, term for person who strikes the han
Japanese: 副堂 fukudō
|
==G==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
gassho A position used for greeting, with the palms together and fingers pointing upwards in prayer position; used in various Buddhist traditions, but also used in numerous cultures throughout Asia. It expresses greeting, request, thankfulness, reverence and prayer. Also considered a mudra or inkei of Japanese Shingon. See also: Añjali Mudrā, Namaste, Sampeah and Wai.
geshe A Tibetan Buddhist academic degree in the Gelug tradition, awarded at the conclusion of lengthy studies often lasting nine years or more
Tibetan:
| style=“width:200px” |
Mn: гэвш gevsh
格西
|- valign=top
gongan, lit. “public case”, A meditative method developed in the Chán/Seon/Zen traditions, generally consisting of a problem that defies solution by means of rational thought; see koan
Chinese 公案 gōng-àn
|
公案
Jp: kōan
Ko: gong'an
Vi: công án
|- valign=top
Guan Yin The bodhisattva of compassion in East Asian Buddhism, with full name being Guan Shi Yin. Guan Yin is considered to be the female form of Avalokiteshvara but has been given many more distinctive characteristics.
Chinese 觀音 Guān Yīn or 觀世音 Guān Shì Yīn
|
觀音 or 觀世音
Jp: Kannon or Kanzeon
Ko: Gwaneum or Gwanse-eum
Vi: Quan Âm or Quan Thế Âm
|}
==H==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
han In Zen monasteries, wooden board that is struck announcing sunrise, sunset and the end of the day
Japanese: 板
| style=“width:200px” |
Hinayana, lit. “small vehicle”, A coinage by the Mahayana for the Buddhist doctrines concerned with the achievement of Nirvana as a Śrāvakabuddha or a Pratyekabuddha, as opposed to a Samyaksambuddha. While sometime thought as derogatory, it means in fact that the Hinayana doctrine is made to save but 1 individual, the one who follows its teachings, just like a 1 place vehicle, while the Mahayana allow the monk to take other people along with him, like a bus or a great plane.
Sanskrit: hīnayāna
|
Bur:
hinayana (
)
小乘 or 小乗, 二乘
Cn: Xiǎoshèng
Jp: Shōjō
Vi: Tiểu thừa
Mn: Бага хөлгөн, Baga hölgön
|}
==I==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
Ino, Jp. lit. “bringer of joy to the assembly.” Originally from Sanskrit karmadana, lit. bestower of conduct [karma]. In Zen, the supervisor of the meditation hall [sodo]. One of the six senior temple administrators.
Japanese: 維那
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<ref>
</ref>
==J==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
jhana Meditative contemplation; more often associated with śamatha practices than vipaśyana. See also: shamata, samadhi, samapatti
from √dhyā: to think of, to contemplate, meditate on
koan A story, question, problem or statement generally inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to Intuition
Japanese: 公案 kōan
|
公案
Cn: gōng-àn
Ko: gong'an
Vi: công án
|- valign=top
ksanti The practice of exercising patience toward behaviour or situations that might not necessarily deserve it—it is seen as a conscious choice to actively give patience as a gift, rather than being in a state of oppression in which one feels obligated to act in such a way.
kyosaku In Zen, a flattened stick used to strike the shoulders during zazen, to help overcome fatigue or reach satori
Japanese: 警策 kyōsaku, called keisaku in Rinzai
|
香板
Cn: xiangban
|}
==L==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
lama A Tibetan teacher or master; equivalent to Sanskrit “guru”
Tibetan: བླ་མ་ bla ma
| style=“width:200px” |
Sanskrit: guru
喇嘛
Cn: lǎma
Jp: rama
Vi: lạt-ma
Mn: лам, lam
|- valign=top
lineage The official record of the historical descent of dharma teachings from one teacher to another; by extension, may refer to a tradition
傳承
|}
==M==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophical school, founded by Nagarjuna. Members of this school are called Madhyamikas
Sanskrit: mādhyamika
| style=“width:200px” |
Tib: དབུ་མ་པ་ dbu ma pa
Mn: төв үзэл, töv üzel
中觀宗, 中観派
Cn: Zhōngguānzōng
Jp: Chūganha
Vi: Trung quán tông
|- valign=top
mahabhuta four great elements in traditional Buddhist thought
Pāli and Sanskrit: Mahābhūta
|
Bur:
Mahabhot (
)
|- valign=top
mahamudra A method of direct introduction the understanding of sunyata, of samsara and that the two are inseparable
Sanskrit: mahāmudrā
|
Bur:
maha modra (
)
Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་ chag-je chen-po
Mn: махамудра, mahamudra
大手印
Cn: dàshŏuyìn
Jp: daishuin
Vi: đại thủ ấn
|- valign=top
mahasiddha litt. great spiritual accomplishment. A yogi in Tantric Buddhism, often associated with the highest levels of enlightenment
Sanskrit: mahāsiddha
|
Bur:
maha theidda (
)
Thai: มหายาน
大成就
Cn: dàchéngjiù
Jp: daijōju
Vi: đại thành tựu
|- valign=top
Mahayana, lit. “great vehicle”, A major branch of Buddhism practiced in China, Tibet, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Main goal is to achieve buddhahood or samyaksambuddha
mandala a spiritual and ritual symbol representing the Universe
Sanskrit: मण्डल Maṇḍala (lit. “circle”)
|
曼荼羅
Cn: màntúluó
Jp: mandara
Vi: ??
|- valign=top
mantra Chant used primarily to aid concentration, to reach enlightenment. The best-known Buddhist mantra is possibly Om mani padme hum
Sanskrit: mantra
|
Thai: มนตร์ moan
Mn: маань, тарни; maani, tarni
咒, 真言
Cn: zou
Jp: shingon, ju
Vi: chân âm
|- valign=top
Mappo The “degenerate” Latter Day of the Law. A time period supposed to begin 2,000 years after Sakyamuni Buddha's passing and last for “10,000 years”; follows the two 1,000-year periods of Former Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō) and of Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō). During this degenerate age, chaos will prevail and the people will be unable to attain enlightenment through the word of Sakyamuni Buddha. See the Three periods
Middle Way The practice of avoidance of extreme views and lifestyle choices
Pāli:
Sanskrit: madhyamāpratipad
|
Bur:
myizima badi bada (
)
中道
Ch: zhōngdào
Jp: chūdō
Vi: trung đạo
Mn: дундаж зам мөр, dundaj zam mör
|- valign=top
(right) mindfulness The practice whereby a person is intentionally aware of his or her thoughts and actions in the present moment, non-judgmentally. The 7th step of the Noble Eightfold Path
mokugyo A wooden drum carved from one piece, usually in the form of a fish
Japanese: 木魚 mokugyo
|
木魚
Cn: mùyú
Vi: mõ
|- valign=top
mondo In Zen, a short dialogue between teacher and student
Japanese: 問答 mondō
|
問答
Cn: wèndǎ
Vi: ??
|- valign=top
mudra lit. “seal”, A gesture made with hands and fingers in meditation
Sanskrit: mudrā
|
Bur:
modra (
)
Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ phyag rgya
Mn: чагжаа, chagjaa
手印
Cn: sohyìn (commonly only yìn)
Jp: shuin
Vi: ấn
|}
==N==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
namo An exclamation showing reverence; devotion. Often placed in front of the name of an object of veneration, e.g., a Buddha's name or a sutra (Nam(u) Myōhō Renge Kyō), to express devotion to it. Defined in Sino-Japanese as 帰命 kimyō: to base one's life upon, to devote (or submit) one's life to
; 正思唯 Cn: zhèngsīwéi; Vi: chính tư duy)<br />These 2 constitute the path of Wisdom (Pāli: paññā; Sanskrit: prajñā)
Right Speech (Pāli: sammā-vācā; Sanskrit: samyag-vāk; 正語 Cn: zhèngyǔ; Vi: chính ngữ)
Right Action (Pāli: sammā-kammanta; Sanskrit: samyak-karmānta; 正業 Cn: zhèngyè; Vi: chính nghiệp)
Right Living (Pāli: sammā-ājīva; Sanskrit: samyag-ājīva; 正命 Cn: zhèngmìng; Vi: chính mệnh)<br />These 3 constitute the path of Virtue (Pāli: sīla; Sanskrit: śīla)
Right Effort (Pāli: sammā-vāyāma; Sanskrit: samyag-vyāyāma; 正精進 Cn: zhèngjīngjìn; Vi: chính tinh tiến)
Right Mindfulness (Pāli: sammā-sati; Sanskrit:
; 正念 Cn: zhèngniàn; Vi: chính niệm)
Right Concentration (Pāli: sammā-samādhi; Sanskrit: samyak-samādhi; 正定 Cn: zhèngdìng; Vi: chính định)<br />The last 3 constitute the path of Concentration (Pāli, Sanskrit: samādhi)
|
Pāli:
Sanskrit:
|
Bur:
meggin (
)
Thai: อริยมรรค ariya-mak
八正道
Cn: Bāzhèngdào
Jp: Hasshōdō
Ko: Paljeongdo
Vi: Bát chính đạo
|}
==O==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
oryoki A set of bowls used in a Zen eating ceremony
Japanese: 応量器 ōryōki
| style=“width:200px” |
osho A term used to address a monk of the Zen Buddhist tradition. Originally reserved for high-ranking monks, it has since been appropriated for everyday use when addressing any male member of the Zen clergy
Japanese: 和尚 oshō
|
==P==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
pabbajja, (a layperson) leaving home to join a community of monks and nuns (lit. “to go forth”)
Sanskrit: pravrajya
Pali: Pabbajja
| style=“width:150px” |
出家
Cn: chūjiā
Jp: shukke
Vi: ??
|- valign=top
panca skandha The five constituent elements into which an individual is analyzed. They are:
paramartha Absolute, as opposed to merely conventional, truth or reality; see also samvrti
Sanskrit: paramārtha
|
Bur:
paramat (
)
Thai: ปรมัตถ์ paramutt
真諦
Jp: shintai
|- valign=top
paramita, lit. “reaching the other shore,” usually rendered in English as “perfection.” The Mahayana practices for obtaining enlightenment; giving, ethics, patience, effort, concentration and wisdom
Pointing-out instruction The direct introduction to the nature of mind in the lineages of Essence Mahamudra and Dzogchen. A root guru is the master who gives the 'pointing-out instruction' so that the disciple recognizes the nature of mind
pratitya-samutpada “Dependent origination,” the view that no phenomenon exists (or comes about) without depending on other phenomena or conditions around it. In English also called “conditioned genesis,” “dependent co-arising,” “interdependent arising,” etc.
A famous application of dependent origination is the Twelve Nidana, or 12 inter-dependences (Sanskrit:
; 十二因緣, 十二因縁 Cn: shíàr yīnyuán; Jp: jūni innen; Vi: thập nhị nhân duyên), which are:
Pure Land Buddhism A large branch of Mahayana, dominantly in East Asia. The goal of Pure Land Buddhism is to be reborn in the Western sukhavati of Amitabha, either as a real place or within the mind, through the other-power of repeating the Buddha's name, nianfo or nembutsu.
净土宗(Ch), 浄土教(Jp)
Cn: Jìngtǔ-zōng
Jp: Jōdo-kyo
Ko: Jeongtojong
Vi: Tịnh độ tông
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purisa The practicing Buddhist community as a whole; sangha and laity
==R==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
rebirth The process of continuity of life after death
Rohatsu A day traditionally honored as the day of the Buddha's enlightenment. While deep in meditation under a bodhi tree, he attained enlightenment upon seeing the morning star just at dawn; celebrated on the 8th day either of December or of the 12th month of the lunar calendar
Japanese: 臘八 Rōhatsu or Rohachi
|
roshi, lit. “Master”, An honorific given to Zen teachers in the Rinzai and Obaku sects.
seichu In the Zen Buddhist calendar, a period of intensive, formal monastic training. It is typically characterized by week-long Daisesshins and periodic sanzen
Japanese: 制中 seichu
|
sesshin A Zen retreat where practitioners meditate, eat and work together for several days
Japanese: 接心, 摂心
|
佛七
Cn: '’fóqī
坐臘/坐腊
Cn: zuòlà
|- valign=top
shikantaza Soto Zen. “Only concentrated on sitting” is the main practice of the Soto school of Japanese Zen Buddhism
sutra Scripture; originally referred to short aphoristic sayings and collections thereof
from √siv: to sew
Sanskrit: sutra
Pāli: sutta
|
Bur:
thoht (
)
Mon:
(
)
Mon:
(
)
Thai: สูตร soothe
Mn: судар, sudar
經, 経
Cn: jīng
Jp: kyō
Vi: kinh
|- valign=top
Sutra Pitaka The second basket of the Tripiṭaka canon, the collection of all Buddha's teachings
Pāli:
Sanskrit:
|
Bur:
thoht (
)
Mon:
(
)
Mon:
(
)
Mn: Судрын аймаг Sudriin aimag
經藏, 経蔵
Cn: jīngcáng
Jp: kyōzō
Vi: Kinh tạng
|}
==T==
Definition
Etymology
In other languages
tangaryō A period of waiting for admission into a Zen monastery at the gate, lasting anywhere from one day to several weeks—depending on the quality of one's sitting. Refers to the room traveling monks stay in when visiting, or await admittance into the sōdō.
Tanto In Zen, one of the main temple leaders, lit.“head of the tan.” In a Zen temple, the Tanto is one of two officers (with the Godo) in charge monks' training.<ref>
teisho A presentation by a Zen master during a sesshin. Rather than an explanation or exposition in the traditional sense, it is intended as a demonstration of Zen realisation
Japanese: 提唱 teishō
|
tenzo In Zen, the head cook for a sesshin. In Zen temples, the officer in charge of the kitchen
Japanese: 典座 tenzo
|
典座
Cn: diǎnzuò
Vi: điển toạ
|- valign=top
Theravada, lit. “words of the elders”, Most popular form of Buddhism in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka.
Pāli: theravāda
Sanskrit: sthaviravāda
|
Bur:
hterawada (
or
)
Thai: เถรวาท tera-waad
上座部
Cn: shàngzuòbù
Jp: jōzabu
Vi: Thượng toạ bộ
|- valign=top
thera or their, lit. “elder”, Honorific applied to senior monks and nuns in the Theravada tradition.
Pāli: thera
|
Bur:
htera (
)
|- valign=top
Three Jewels Three things that Buddhists take refuge in: the Buddha, his teachings (Dharma) and the community of realized practitioners (Sangha), and in return look toward for guidance (see also Refuge (Buddhism))
Three divisions of the time following the historical Buddha's passing: the Former (or Early) Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō), the first thousand years; the Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō), the second thousand years; and the Latter Day of the Law (末法 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō), which is to last for 10,000 years.
The three periods are significant to Mahayana adherents, particularly those who hold the Lotus Sutra in high regard; e.g., Tiantai (Tendai) and Nichiren Buddhists, who believe that different Buddhist teachings are valid (i.e., able to lead practitioners to enlightenment) in each period due to the different capacity to accept a teaching (機根 Cn: jīgēn; Jp: kikon) of the people born in each respective period.
The three periods are further divided into five five-hundred year periods (五五百歳 Cn: wǔ wǔbǎi suì; Jp: go no gohyaku sai), the fifth and last of which was prophesied to be when the Buddhism of Sakyamuni would lose all power of salvation and a new Buddha would appear to save the people. This time period would be characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other, natural disasters.
The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集経 Cn: dàjí jīng; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō). Descriptions of the three periods also appear in other sutras, some of which ascribe different lengths of time to them (although all agree that Mappō will last for 10,000 years).
|
三時
Cn: Sānshí
Jp: Sanji
Vi: Tam thời
|- valign=top
Three Poisons or Three Fires
:The three primary causes of unskillful action that lead to the creation of “negative” karma; the three root kleshas:
upaya Expedient though not necessarily ultimately true. Originally used as a polemical device against other schools - calling them “merely” expedient, lacking in ultimate truth, later used against ones own school to prevent students form forming attachments to doctrines
In Mahayana, exemplified by the Lotus Sutra, upaya are the useful means that Buddhas (and Buddhist teachers) use to free beings into enlightenment
Vinaya Pitaka, The first basket of the Tripitaka canon, which deals with the rules of monastic life
Pāli, Sanskrit:
, lit. “discipline basket”
|
Bur:
wini pitakat (
)
Mon:
(
)
Shan:
(
)
Thai: วินัย wi-nai
Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ dul-bai sde-snod
Mn: Винайн аймаг сав, vinain aimag sav
律藏
Cn: Lǜzàng
Jp: Ritsuzō
Vi: Luật tạng
|- valign=top
vipassana Usually translated as “Insight” meditation, most associated with the Theravāda tradition, but also present in some other traditions such as Tiantai. Often combined with śamatha meditation
Zen School A branch of Mahayana originating in China that originally emphasizes non-dualism and intuition. Modern monastic forms have a strong emphasis on zazen (Korean) or on zazen combined with militaristic top-down hazing (Japanese)
